Substance
Chemical names:
Bisphenol A (BPA)
Bisphenol S (BPS) [1]
Chemical class: Synthetic diphenylmethane
derivatives
Common use: Production of polycarbonate
plastics, epoxy resins, food container linings, thermal receipt paper
Note: BPS is widely used as a “BPA-free”
substitute.
Common name
塑膠雌激素「塑膠中的內分泌干擾物」
BPS:「BPA 替代品」「BPA-free
雙酚類」
Involving system
Endocrine System (Primary Target), Estrogen receptor (ERα, ERβ)
activation; Thyroid hormone disruption Altered
androgen signaling, Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis interference, Clinical
relevance: Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) [2]
Reproductive System: Reduced sperm quality and
motility, Ovarian dysfunction, Menstrual irregularities; Impaired fertility; Developmental
effects in offspring [3]
Metabolic System, Insulin resistance, Pancreatic
β-cell dysfunction, Obesity association, Type 2 diabetes risk [4]
Cardiovascular System; Hypertension association, Endothelial
dysfunction, Atherosclerotic risk, Possible cardiac electrophysiologic effects
(more experimental data for BPS) [5]
Nervous System, Neurodevelopmental effects in
children, Behavioral changes, Possible cognitive impact. [6]
Immune System, Pro-inflammatory cytokine
modulation. Immune dysregulation (experimental data) [7]
Hepatic System, Altered liver enzyme activity, Lipid
metabolism disruption [8]
Renal System, Urinary excretion pathway, Possible
association with chronic kidney disease (epidemiologic correlations) [9]
Sources
and Exposure: Oral ingestion (migration from food containers), Dermal
absorption (thermal receipt paper), Inhalation (industrial settings), Exposure
Pattern
Primarily
chronic low-dose environmental exposure, Detectable in urine in >90% of the
general population in biomonitoring studies. [10]
High-Risk
Groups: Pregnant women, Infants and children, Workers handling thermal paper, Individuals
with metabolic syndrome [11].
Presentation
Acute High-Dose Exposure （Rare）: Mild
gastrointestinal irritation, Nausea
Vomiting, Skin irritation, Eye irritation, No
specific toxidrome identified
Chronic Low-Dose Exposure （Primary Clinical
Concern）
Reproductive System, Reduced sperm quality,
Decreased sperm motility, [12].
Menstrual irregularities, Possible
infertility [3]
Developmental abnormalities in offspring
Metabolic System, Insulin resistance, Increased
risk of obesity, Association with type 2 diabetes
[4]
Cardiovascular System, Possible
hypertension, Endothelial dysfunction [5]
Atherosclerotic risk correlation
Neurodevelopmental / Nervous System, Behavioral
changes in children [6]
Attention and cognitive alterations
(reported in epidemiologic studies)
Endocrine System: Hormonal imbalance, Thyroid
function interference [2]
Oncologic Associations (Under
Investigation), Possible association with breast cancer [13], Possible association with prostate cancer [14]
Antidote and Management
Routine clinical testing is not recommended
Acute Exposure: Supportive care
Gastrointestinal decontamination is generally
not indicated; Trial: Removal of Bisphenol S (BPS) by Adsorption on Activated
Carbons Commercialized in Brazil) [15]
Chronic Exposure Risk Reduction in Mandatory
Avoid heating food in plastic containers
[16].
Reduce canned food consumption [17].
Limit handling of thermal receipts
Encourage use of glass or stainless steel
food containers
No specific antidote exists.
Disposition
Acute exposures
generally benign.
Long-term
health implications remain an area of ongoing research
Vulnerable populations (pregnant women and
children) warrant precautionary exposure reduction; Toxicity concern is
primarily related to chronic endocrine disruption, not acute poisoning. Effects
may occur at low environmental doses.
Regulatory policies vary internationally.
References
[1]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41621464/
[2]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22100034/
[3]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41169278/
[4]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38021644/
[5]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34240201/
[6]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37842186/
[7]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41465419/
[8]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31901629/
[9]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40586299/
[10]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40940416/
[11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40222108/
[12]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37001656/
[13]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41201099/
[14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38657712/
[15]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38929038/
[16]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41441248/
[17]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36871506/
Edited by Yu-Jang Su Feb 23, 2025
