Poison Center, MacKay Memorial Hospital: Hazards and Health Impacts of (Bisphenol A and Bisphenol S)

2026年2月23日星期一

Hazards and Health Impacts of (Bisphenol A and Bisphenol S)

Substance

Chemical names:

Bisphenol A (BPA)

Bisphenol S (BPS) [1]

Chemical class: Synthetic diphenylmethane derivatives

Common use: Production of polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins, food container linings, thermal receipt paper

Note: BPS is widely used as a “BPA-free” substitute.

Common name

塑膠雌激素「塑膠中的內分泌干擾物」

BPS:「BPA 替代品」「BPA-free 雙酚類」

Involving system

Endocrine System (Primary Target), Estrogen receptor (ERα, ERβ) activation; Thyroid hormone disruption Altered androgen signaling, Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis interference, Clinical relevance: Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) [2]

Reproductive System: Reduced sperm quality and motility, Ovarian dysfunction, Menstrual irregularities; Impaired fertility; Developmental effects in offspring [3]

Metabolic System, Insulin resistance, Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, Obesity association, Type 2 diabetes risk [4]

Cardiovascular System; Hypertension association, Endothelial dysfunction, Atherosclerotic risk, Possible cardiac electrophysiologic effects (more experimental data for BPS) [5]

Nervous System, Neurodevelopmental effects in children, Behavioral changes, Possible cognitive impact. [6]

Immune System, Pro-inflammatory cytokine modulation. Immune dysregulation (experimental data) [7]

Hepatic System, Altered liver enzyme activity, Lipid metabolism disruption [8]

Renal System, Urinary excretion pathway, Possible association with chronic kidney disease (epidemiologic correlations) [9]

Sources and Exposure: Oral ingestion (migration from food containers), Dermal absorption (thermal receipt paper), Inhalation (industrial settings), Exposure Pattern

Primarily chronic low-dose environmental exposure, Detectable in urine in >90% of the general population in biomonitoring studies. [10]

High-Risk Groups: Pregnant women, Infants and children, Workers handling thermal paper, Individuals with metabolic syndrome [11].

Presentation

Acute High-Dose Exposure （Rare）: Mild gastrointestinal irritation, Nausea

Vomiting, Skin irritation, Eye irritation, No specific toxidrome identified

Chronic Low-Dose Exposure （Primary Clinical Concern）

Reproductive System, Reduced sperm quality, Decreased sperm motility, [12].

Menstrual irregularities, Possible infertility [3]

Developmental abnormalities in offspring

Metabolic System, Insulin resistance, Increased risk of obesity, Association with type 2 diabetes [4]

Cardiovascular System, Possible hypertension, Endothelial dysfunction [5]

Atherosclerotic risk correlation

Neurodevelopmental / Nervous System, Behavioral changes in children [6]

Attention and cognitive alterations (reported in epidemiologic studies)

Endocrine System: Hormonal imbalance, Thyroid function interference [2]

Oncologic Associations (Under Investigation), Possible association with breast cancer [13], Possible association with prostate cancer [14]

Antidote and Management

Routine clinical testing is not recommended

Acute Exposure: Supportive care

Gastrointestinal decontamination is generally not indicated; Trial: Removal of Bisphenol S (BPS) by Adsorption on Activated Carbons Commercialized in Brazil) [15]

Chronic Exposure Risk Reduction in Mandatory

Avoid heating food in plastic containers [16].

Reduce canned food consumption [17].

Limit handling of thermal receipts

Encourage use of glass or stainless steel food containers

No specific antidote exists.

Disposition

Acute exposures generally benign.

Long-term health implications remain an area of ongoing research

Vulnerable populations (pregnant women and children) warrant precautionary exposure reduction; Toxicity concern is primarily related to chronic endocrine disruption, not acute poisoning. Effects may occur at low environmental doses.

Regulatory policies vary internationally.

References

[1]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41621464/

[2]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22100034/

[3]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41169278/

[4]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38021644/

[5]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34240201/

[6]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37842186/

[7]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41465419/

[8]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31901629/

[9]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40586299/

[10]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40940416/